Month: November 2022

Disputes Over a Loved One’s Remains in Florida

When a loved one passes away, disputes can arise among family members over who will get what assets and how property will be distributed. Issues may also arise regarding what will happen to the deceased’s remains. Prior to 2016, Florida law was not well settled nor specific to deal with such disputes.

A crematorium authority is legally required to hand over the ashes to the person who delivered the body for cremation. That entitled individual has 120 days from the date of cremation to claim the ashes. There are no Florida state laws that restrict where you may keep or scatter ashes.

Pursuant to Florida Statutes Section 497.005(43)(a-i), the right and responsibility goes to the following people, in order-you, if you leave written directions before your death; your surviving spouse, unless your spouse is criminally responsible for your death; your adult child, or a majority of your children if you have more than one; your parents, your adult siblings, an adult grandchild, a grandparent, or any person in the next degree of kinship.

“In addition, the term may include, if no family member exists or is available, the guardian of the dead person at the time of death; the personal representative of the deceased; the attorney in fact of the dead person at the time of death; the health surrogate of the dead person at the time of death; a public health officer; the medical examiner, county commission, or administrator acting under part II of chapter 406 or other public administrator; a representative of a nursing home or other health care institution in charge of final disposition; or a friend or other person not listed in this subsection who is willing to assume the responsibility as the legally authorized person. Where there is a person in any priority class listed in this subsection, the funeral establishment shall rely upon the authorization of any one legally authorized person of that class if that person represents that she or he is not aware of any objection to the cremation of the deceased’s human remains by others in the same class of the person making the representation or of any person in a higher priority class.” According to the previously mentioned statute.

Another way to name the person who will carry out one’s final arrangements is to complete a Designation of Healthcare Surrogate. In the subject document, the maker of Principal can give their surrogate or Agent explicit power to carry out their final arrangements after their death. The said authority must be made clear in the healthcare document; otherwise, the Agent’s or surrogate’s decision-making power ends upon the Principal’s death. This method avoid additional documents and combines healthcare decisions and final wishes.

The disposition of a body is not a property right pursuant to Florida Statutes §732.6005(2), but a personal right of the decedent or deceased party; therefore, the decedent’s intent (as opposed to the survivor’s intent) controls the disposition of his own remains. See Cohen v. Cohen, 896 So. 2d 950 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005). Consequently, the remains of a decedent are not property under Florida Statutes §731.201(32), and therefore, are not subject to ownership by the decedent’s or deceased party’s beneficiaries.

In 2014, a case which received attention was when a father attempted to split the cremated remains of his deceased son in equal shares with his ex-wife (the mother), arguing that the ashes or cremains were part of his son’s probate estate. With little guidance outside of the common law, the court decided the remains were not property subject to probate division. The court relied heavily on case law which supported the proposition that generally, next of kin do not have a property right in their deceased family member’s remains. So, what was the solution? Ultimately, it was up to a trial court judge to decide what would happen to the remains. For many, such a solution may be unsettling, especially because a judge’s decision may not be consistent with what the decedent would have wanted.

On July 1, 2016, the Florida legislature addressed the matter and enacted a statute which codified the common law rule that remains are not estate property. The relevant statute plainly states that cremated remains are not property which are subject to division. So, who has the final say over what happens to someone’s remains? The statute makes the answer clear by providing a list of persons who may be authorized to make decisions regarding what will happen to someone’s remains. The list is in descending order of priority beginning with the decedent’s written instructions. Leaving behind instructions will provide your family with clarity regarding your own wishes—what you want to happen to your remains, who you want to keep your remains, and who will be responsible for making sure your instructions are carried out. If no instructions are left behind, the list provides who else may be legally authorized to make decisions regarding the remains. Whoever is authorized to make final decisions over the remains, may consent to the distribution of the remains. However, if the conflict continues once cremated remains are divided, the dispute will be resolved by the court.

Can written instructions of the decedent regarding the place and manner of the disposition of his remains be overridden? If so, what is the evidentiary standard for overriding a decedent’s written instructions?

Florida Statutes §732.804, reads in pertinent part: “Before issuance of letters, any person may carry out written instructions of the decedent relating to the decedent’s body and funeral and burial arrangements.” However, a written testamentary disposition of a deceased’s burial instructions is not conclusive of the decedent’s intent if it can be shown by clear and convincing evidence that he intended another disposition for his body. See Cohen, supra.

If the deceased party has not expressed their intent regarding the place and manner of the disposition of their remains, who has the right to control the place and manner of the disposition of a decedent’s remains if the matter is subject to a dispute?

This question was answered in Giat v. SCI Funeral Servs. of Fla., LLC, 2020 Fla. App. LEXIS 17520; 2020 WL 7239589 (Fla. 4th DCA 12/9/20). In Giat, the decedent died without a Last Will or any written instruction regarding the disposition of his remains and his widow arranged for his funeral and cremation with Menorah Gardens. The decedent’s son filed suit to enjoin Menorah Gardens from cremating the decedent’s remains. The son stated in his verified petition that his father was born and raised Jewish and that his father had shared his wish with him to be buried in accordance with Orthodox Jewish law and custom and not to be cremated. The court held that “[b]ecause both parties dispute the decedent’s wishes, each party should be allowed to present evidence to determine the decedent’s wishes. Where a question of fact subject to proof is unanswered, an evidentiary hearing on the issue is required.”

The court reasoned that common law and not Chapter 497, Florida Statutes, controls the dispute between family members over the disposition of the decedent’s remains.

The focus of Chapter 497, Florida Statutes, is the relationship between funeral homes and the persons who seek their services. The definition of “legally authorized person[s]” specifies the persons with whom a funeral home may contract to arrange services. Section 497.005(43) does not purport to designate the right to control the manner of disposition of a corpse where there is a dispute among family members; that section does not provide what acts the listed persons can perform or what rights they have under Chapter 497. No section in Chapter 497 containing the term “legally authorized person[s]” designates the person with the right to control the manner of the disposition of the dead body if the matter is subject to dispute.

To the contrary, section 497.383(2), Florida Statutes (2022), provides that “[a]ny ambiguity or dispute concerning the right of any legally authorized person to provide authorization under this chapter or the validity of any documentation purporting to grant that authorization shall be resolved by a court of competent jurisdiction.” This statute recognizes that, when there is a dispute over the disposition of a decedent’s remains, the issue is a matter of common law.

The preferred and recommended option to avoid disagreements over disputed remains is to plan ahead. With proper Florida Estate Planning, one can name the appropriate person to make these decisions in order to avoid disputes later on. 

In summary, if the deceased party expressed an intention on the disposition of their remains through a Last Will & Testament or other written directions, then the court will defer to the said Last Will or written directions unless an opponent can prove by clear and convincing evidence that the deceased party changed their mind. If the deceased never expressed an intention regarding the disposition of their remains in their Last Will, etc., then the court will defer to the next of kin. The next of kin are the heirs at law under the laws of intestacy. The law is still somewhat unclear as to who has priority when the next of kin disagree. The disposition of one’s remains is a sensitive issue and a decision which is best made by the decedent exclusively through their Last Will & Testament or other written directions.

If you have any additional Questions regarding the foregoing or have any legal issue or concern, please contact the law firm of CASERTA & SPIRITI in Miami Lakes, Florida.

THANKSGIVING DAY-A LITTLE HISTORY & A LITTLE LAW

Thanksgiving began as an autumn harvest feast and has been celebrated for hundreds of years. The holiday gives the residents of the United States an opportunity to reunite with family and friends, enjoy a traditional meal, and express gratitude, although in recent years, it is also associated with parades, football, Black Friday shopping, and initiates the holiday season.

If one is curious about the time-honored Thanksgiving traditions or wants to navigate the holiday legally, the following are some of interesting history, laws and legislation surrounding the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States.

On October 6, 1941, the House passed a joint resolution declaring the last Thursday in November to be the legal Thanksgiving Day. The Senate, however, amended the resolution establishing the holiday as the fourth Thursday, which would take into account those years when November has five Thursdays.

Throughout U.S. history, Thanksgiving has been held on various days.

In October1621, the Plymouth colonists and the Wampanoag tribe shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies. For more than two centuries, days of thanksgiving were celebrated by individual colonies and states. Colonists in New England and Canada regularly observed “thanksgivings,” days of prayer for such blessings as safe journeys, military victories, or abundant harvests. Americans model their holiday on the 1621 harvest feast shared between English colonists and the Wampanoag. This feast lasted three days and was attended by 90 Wampanoag Native American people and 53 Pilgrims (survivors of the Mayflower). On December 11, 1621, Governor Edward Winslow of the Plymouth Colony wrote a letter in hopes of attracting more colonists. In it, he described a three-day feast shared by the Plymouth settlers and the local Wampanoag people.

There are only two surviving documents that reference the original Thanksgiving harvest meal. Curiously, turkey was NOT on the menu for the first Thanksgiving! They describe a feast of freshly killed deer, assorted wildfowl, a bounty of cod and bass, and flint, a native variety of corn harvested by the Native Americans, which was eaten as corn bread and porridge.

Alexander Hamilton once proclaimed: “No citizen of the U.S. shall refrain from turkey on Thanksgiving Day.” Hamilton’s proclamation became reality, and according to the National Turkey Federation, about 45 million to 46 million turkeys are consumed each Thanksgiving, since it is a bird indigenous and native to North America and thereby set the American table apart, for example, from the British table.

Jefferson signed a proclamation for a day of “Thanksgiving and Prayer,” to be held on December 9, 1779. At that time, the Virginia General Assembly was responsible for formulating state government policies, not the governor. This proclamation did not establish a permanent annual observance.

In 1789, President George Washington issued a proclamation designating November 26 of that year as a national day of thanksgiving to recognize the role of providence in creating the new United States and the new federal Constitution.

Thomas Jefferson refused to endorse the tradition when he declined to make a proclamation in 1801. For Jefferson, supporting the holiday meant supporting state-sponsored religion since Thanksgiving is rooted in Puritan religious traditions.

Later, President James Madison proclaimed two Thanksgivings in 1815, one in the spring and one in the fall.

President Abraham Lincoln started the modern practice of a national Thanksgiving holiday. Amidst a raging Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued a “Proclamation of Thanksgiving” on October 3, 1863, 74 years to the day after President George Washington issued his first presidential Thanksgiving proclamation. The foregoing began in 1846, by the editor of Godey’s Lady’s Book, Ms. Sarah Josepha Buell Hale who launched a letter-writing campaign to support her cause for a designated day for the Thanksgiving holiday. Finally on September 28, 1863, she wrote directly to President Lincoln, asking him to use his powers to create the holiday. Her 36-year quest was finally fulfilled. Hale was also a New England-born poet, editor, activist, and philanthropist best known for authoring the poem “Mary’s Lamb,” or “Mary Had a Little Lamb,” as it is known today.

On June 28, 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Holidays Act that made Thanksgiving a yearly appointed federal holiday in Washington D.C. On January 6, 1885, an act by Congress made Thanksgiving, and other federal holidays, a paid holiday for all federal workers throughout the United States.

In both 1939 and 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed Thanksgiving on the third Thursday in November, to lengthen the shopping season for Depression-era retailers to help businesses still suffering from the lingering effects of the Great Depression.

Roosevelt’s proclamation proved controversial, with some states continuing to celebrate on the fourth Thursday of the month. In 1941, Congress put an end to “Franksgiving” by passing a joint resolution that officially established the date of Thanksgiving.

At the end of 1941, Roosevelt signed a bill officially making Thanksgiving Day the fourth Thursday of November, regardless of whether it is the last or the second-to-last Thursday of the month.

It is now a well-established tradition that the President is gifted and later pardons a turkey every Thanksgiving. There are conflicting stories about the origins of the turkey pardon because the tradition of presenting the President with a turkey dates back many decades.

In 1865, President Abraham Lincoln spared a turkey that his son took a liking to, but it was not until 100 years later that President John F. Kennedy spared the first Thanksgiving turkey. The first president to issue a formal pardon to the turkey was George H.W. Bush during a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden in 1989.

To detail the turkey pardon history-while the presidential turkey pardon has become a yearly tradition, it is a relatively new tradition. The first turkey spared by a president has been traced to Abraham Lincoln. According to an 1865 dispatch by White House reporter Noah Brooks, Lincoln’s son Tad asked his father to spare the turkey’s life. Tad had adopted the turkey as a pet. Although Lincoln spared this turkey’s life, the turkey was planned for Christmas dinner not Thanksgiving dinner.

Reports of turkeys sent to the White House as gifts at Thanksgiving can be traced back to the 1870’s. Horace Vose, a Rhode Island poultry dealer, began sending turkeys to the White House in the 1870’s until 1913. Vose’s death in 1914 brought about the opportunity for others to send turkeys to the president for Thanksgiving. Official presentations of live turkeys to the president began in 1947 with the National Turkey Federation presenting a live turkey to President Truman. Because of this media notoriety, President Truman is often credited with the first turkey pardon, but he did not pardon the turkey.

In 1963, President Kennedy spared a turkey’s life at the presentation event when he stated, “Let’s keep him going“.  In 1973, during the Nixon presidency, the turkey was sent to Oxen Hill Children’s Farm. First Lady Rosalynn Carter (wife of President Jimmy Carter) sent the 1978 turkey to Evans Farm Inn to live in a mini zoo. It became the norm for the turkeys to be sent to farms during the Reagan administration.

The pardoning became formalized and official in 1989, when President George H. W. Bush pardoned that year’s Thanksgiving turkey. “He’s granted a presidential pardon as of right now — and allow him to live out his days on a children’s farm not far from here.” Since 1989, each year, the U.S. President officially pardons a turkey from the Thanksgiving table.

Currently, Thanksgiving has become somewhat controversial. The holiday may be about being thankful in principle, but it is considered by many as an acknowledgment of the role of colonialism in North America and the displacement and oppression of the Native Americans. Indigenous Peoples in America recognize Thanksgiving as a day of mourning. It is a time to remember ancestral history as well as a day to acknowledge and protest the alleged racism and oppression which they claim they continue to experience to date.

As for the two-day holiday-the Friday after Thanksgiving is a state holiday in California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.

The foregoing is just a brief and general legal and historical overview of Thanksgiving.                                                                                                                                  

If you have any additional Questions regarding the foregoing or have any legal issue or concern, please contact the law firm of CASERTA & SPIRITI & in Miami Lakes, Florida.

MATERIAL MISREPRESENTATION-LYING OR FOREGETTING IMPORTANT INFORMATION WHEN APPLYING FOR INSURANCE IS A BAD IDEA

A misrepresentation would be considered fraud if it is intentional and material. Fraud would be grounds for voiding the contract. If an insurance company receives an application with some information missing or inaccurate for whatever reason and issues the policy anyway, the insurer can later VOID OR RESCIND the said policy, contract and/or agreement.

Any person who willfully makes a false statement or misrepresentation of a material fact for the purpose of obtaining or denying any benefit or payment or assisting another to obtain or deny any benefit or payment can be charged with a felony.

A material misrepresentation may occur when an application contains false information, or it may include the withholding of information. With a liability or property and casualty policy, intent to deceive is not always necessary to void or deny a claim.

Representations are the statements made by the prospective insured on the insurance application. Many of these representations are responses to questions to determine whether the applicant is insurable and how much should be charged.

Under the terms of a homeowners’ insurance policy and applicable Florida law, any misrepresentation, even an innocent one, made by the prospective insured on the policy application may serve as a basis for voiding the policy. The subject insurer or insurance carrier need not prove that the insured made the misrepresentation with an intent to deceive.

Florida Statute § 627.409(1), provides, in pertinent part:

“[A] misrepresentation, omission, concealment of fact, or incorrect statement [made by or on behalf of an insured in an application for an insurance policy] may prevent recovery under the contract to a policy only if any of the following apply:

(a) The misrepresentation, omission, concealment, or statement is fraudulent or is material either to the acceptance of the risk or to the hazard assumed by insurer.

(b) If the true facts had been known to the insurer pursuant to a policy requirement or other requirement, the insurer in good faith would not have issued the policy or contract, would not have issued it at the same premium rate, would not have issued a policy or contract in as large an amount, or would not have provided coverage with respect to the hazard resulting in the loss.”

Under Florida law, the general rule is that a misrepresentation or omission in a policy application need not be intentional before recovery may be denied pursuant to Section 627.409, above. 

The issue with many cases is a material misrepresentation may be found where the applicant did not name all of their household members when taking out an insurance policy. Consequently, when a Florida resident does that, it may save them money on the front end, but it can hurt them on the back end when a claim is made, especially in the event that they are involved in an accident or an incident occurs and the insurance company does their investigation and they find out that there are household members living on the applicable property who live with the applicant/insured and said applicant or prospective insured did not name them probably for the purpose of saving money on the premium. Accordingly, the insured is spending money and ultimately getting nothing in return at a time of need.

It is always recommended an insurance applicant be completely honest, thorough, accurate and forthright with the insurance companies, because when an accident or allegedly covered incident arises, insurance coverage may not be present or available. The amount of money that the insurance company would potentially pay out on one’s claim far exceeds whatever a person would be saving on the front end concerning the premium.

If you have any additional Questions regarding the foregoing or have any legal issue or concern, please contact the law firm of CASERTA & SPIRITI in Miami Lakes, Florida.

POWERS OF ATTORNEY & THE GOVERNMENT-Part 2 CHILD PASSPORTS

As previously reported, Powers of Attorney (POA) are prepared under state law and are not necessarily binding on federal agencies. These agencies have their own forms, rules, and regulations.

Again, it is noted that the Social Security Administration does not honor durable powers of attorney.

When it comes to managing a loved one’s veterans’ benefits, there is yet another process that caregivers must go through regarding the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).

Medicare cannot provide personal health information to a caregiver unless the beneficiary has submitted written authorization to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) or provided verbal permission over the phone, Medicare beneficiaries may be able to answer basic questions verbally thereby granting their caregivers authorization to discuss coverage details as well as having a standing authorization on file with Medicare is a better practice.

The Office of Personnel Management and the Railroad Retirement Agency also appoint representative payees and the responsibilities are virtually the same.

Family caregivers as well as parents should have POAs and other documents to prove they are legally authorized to access sensitive or confidential information, speak with important entities and/or medical providers and make decisions about a loved one’s finances and/or care and or act on another’s behalf.

As for obtaining or renewing a passport for a minor child when the other parent is unavailable certain government forms are needed as follows.

Passports for minors aged 15 or younger require the consent of both parents unless one parent has sole legal custody. If a parent has sole legal custody, then the other parent’s consent would not be necessary.

Minors ages 16 and 17 can apply without the presence of their parents. Parental consent may or may not be requested. Passports for applicants sixteen (16) and older are valid for ten (10) years.

The U.S. Department of State Passport Services requires both parents to appear to get a passport for a minor child aged fifteen (15) or less. Passports for children under age sixteen (16) are only valid for five (5) years.

In cases where only one parent appears, the applying parent must submit either a notarized consent from the non-applying parent or proof of sole legal custody.

If one parent/guardian cannot go with the child to apply for the passport, they can provide permission by completing Form DS-3053 “Statement of Consent.” The completed form must be submitted with the child’s passport application.

Special circumstances when one or both parents cannot be present, include Form DS-3053, whichmay be used for many instances when either or both parents can be with their child for their passport application, but others fall under Form DS-5525, Statement of Exigent/Special Family Circumstances. If one parent is in prison, subject to a restraining order again the other parent or child, or subject to custody order which leaves them unable to sign DS-3053, then Form DS-5525 may be used.

One parent may also have sole custody of their child; a court order to this affect must be provided with DS-3053. Basically, if any legal guardian of the child is unable to appear in person, then there must be legal documents included with the passport application form.

There are custody situations when it is not possible for both parents to appear in person during the submission of the passport application. Depending upon the basis, a parent may be required to provide additional documents that prove they have the authority to apply without the consent of the other parent.

  • If a parent has sole legal custody, they can submit certified copies of the following types of documents:
  • Full court order that grants a parent sole legal custody or that specifically states they have legal permission to apply for their child’s passport;
  • The child’s birth certificate or adoption decree on which there is only parent listed or named;
  • Certified copy of an adoption decree listing one person as the only parent;
  • A court order that the other parent is incompetent; and
  • A death certificate of the other parent.
  • If both parents have legal custody but one cannot appear, that parent can give permission for the other parent to apply by completing Form DS-3053, Statement of Consent:
  • Sign the form in front of a notary in the U.S. or at a U.S. consulate or embassy, and
  • Submit a copy of the front and back of the ID provided to the notary.
  • If one parent cannot locate the other parent you must submit form DS-5525, Statement of Exigent/Special Family Circumstances; and
  • Make Sure One’s Divorce Decree or Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage, etc., is Clear About Custody and Any Travel.

A parent may need a court to intervene if there is no prior court order or written parental contract that addresses international travel. A parent may want a court to establish specific travel protocols, such as authority to obtain a passport for a child, or to impose travel restrictions on a parent who is threatening to remove a child outside of the United States.

Depending on the circumstances, a court order may include:

  • an award of sole legal custody of a child;
  • protocols to obtain or renew a passport;
  • requirement that the non-traveling parent sign a notarized statement and other forms permitting the child to travel;
  • prohibition on a parent traveling abroad with the child without prior court approval;
  • supervised visitation with the child;
  • that a foreign embassy or consulate not issue any new passports to a foreign national parent and the child, if applicable;
  • requirement that the passports of a foreign national parent and the child be held by a third party or in the court registry;
  • requirement that a foreign national parent notify his/her country’s embassy consulate of the order prohibiting a new or replacement passport for the child.

If a parent refuses to follow the terms of a parenting plan or custody agreement, such as provisions related to traveling with children, the other parent can sue to enforce the contract. Similarly, if a parent fails to comply with an order, then the noncompliant parent can be found in contempt of court and subject to civil and criminal penalties. Under some circumstances a parent may be forced to seek an emergency order if his or her travel is imminent. It is always better if parents can cooperate.

The website Tavel.state.gov explains what is needed when a parent is unavailable or in the military, and there is a specific form the said parent needs to complete to get the passport for their minor child. 

Again, all children under age 16 must apply for a passport in person with two parents or guardians using Form DS-11. A child’s passport cannot be renewed using Form DS-82. Passports for children under age 16 are only valid for 5 years.

One must submit documentation that lists the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of the child applying for a passport.

The following may be used to show parental relationship:

Some documents, like a U.S. birth certificate, show both U.S. citizenship and parental relationship. These documents must be originals or certified copies (not photocopies).

Both parents/guardians must authorize the issuance of the child’s passport. The best way to do this is for both parents/guardians to go with the child in person to apply for the passport.

When both parents/guardians who are civilians cannot appear in person, the procedure is described above.

However, if the non-applying parent is deployed by the military, he or she should be able to provide a notarized Form DS-3053 in most cases. In the rare case that the non-applying parent cannot be contacted, the applying parent must provide either military orders with a Form DS-5525 showing the non-applying parent cannot be contacted due to the fact that they are on a special assignment for more than 30 days outside of their duty station or a signed statement from the non-applying parent’s commanding officer that the military parent cannot be reached. 

A third party may apply for the child’s passport with a Form DS 3053 or a notarized statement from both parents/guardians giving that third party permission to apply for the child. The statement must include a photocopy of the parents/guardians’ identification. 

When the statement is from only one parent/guardian, the third party must present evidence of sole custody of the consenting parent/guardian giving that third party permission to apply for the child.

A written authorization from the parent that cannot appear in person must be less than three (3) months old.

Further, no child under age 16 is eligible to mail in a passport application. Additionally, a parent cannot apply online for the subject child’s passport.

In certain countries, a DS-3053 must be notarized at a U.S. embassy or consulate and cannot be notarized by a local notary public. Currently, these countries include:

AfghanistanIndonesiaPakistan
AlgeriaIranPanama
AngolaIraqPhilippines
Bangladesh JamaicaSaudi Arabia
BulgariaKenyaSenegal
CambodiaKuwaitSierra Leone
CameroonLaosSomalia
Central African RepublicLebanonSudan
Cote d’IvoireLiberiaSyria
Dominican RepublicLibyaTajikistan
EgyptMaliTrinidad and Tobago
Equatorial GuineaMauritaniaUganda
EthiopiaMauritiusUkraine
GabonMoldovaUnited Arab Emirates
GuatemalaNepalVenezuela
GuineaNicaraguaVietnam
HaitiNigeriaYemen
HondurasNorth Korea

In addition, parents may enroll their U.S. citizen children under the age of eighteen (18) in the Children’s Passport Issuance Alert Program (CPIAP), one of the Department of State’s most important tools for preventing international parental child abduction.  If a passport application is submitted for a child who is enrolled in CPIAP, the U.S. government tries to alert the parent or parents to verify whether they approve the passport issuance.

Consequently, parents must be prepared with the proper legal documents when applying for or renewing a passport for their minor child in order to avoid problems or delay with the process.

If you should have any additional questions or would like to discuss your situation, concerns, and needs, please call an Attorney at CASERTA & SPIRITI.